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third
of the three periods included in the Mesozoic Era. It began approximately 144 Ma and ended about 65 Ma. It is noted for the deposition of the chalk
of the white cliffs of Dover, England, and for the mass extinction
of many invertebrate and vertebrate stocks.
Among these were the dinosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs,
plesiosaurs. |
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two
plates colliding and rising in elevation or an escape mechanism
where part of one plate ??????? |
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a boundary between two lithospheric plates which are mloving towards
each other. |
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the
process in which an applied stress leads to a state of strain
involving a change in volume.
The change in volume is given by: <V
= (Vf – Vo)/V03 where Vf is the
final volume and Vo is the initial volume. |
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glaciated
valleys now flooded by the sea |
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triangular
section of deposits dragged in the subduction zone gap between
two plates |
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the
formation, advance and retreat of glaciers and the results of
these activities. |
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a
coarse, foliated metamorphic rock in which bands of granular minerals
(commonly quartz and feldspars) alternate with bands of flaky
or elongate minerals (e.g., micas, pyroxenes). Generally less
than 50% of the minerals are aligned in a parallel orientation |
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narrow
steeply sided canyon typically eroded by water along a fault line |
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a
curved chain of islands that develops between an oceanic trench
and a continental landmass. |
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a
means of determining the age of certain materials by reference
to the relative abundance of the parent isotope (which is radioactive)
and the daughter isotope (which may or may not be radioactive).
If the decay constant (the half-life or disintegration
rate of the parent isotope) and the concentration of the daughter
isotope are known, it is possible to calculate an age.
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million
years ago |
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iron
oxide; Mineral, Fe3O4; Color: black; SG:
5.2; Hardness: 5.5 - 6.5; Comments: ore of iron, strongly magnetic
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mantle:
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that
portion of the Earth below the crust and reaching to about 2,780
km, where a transition zone of about 100 km thickness separates
it from the core. It has a high iron, magnesium and nickel composition. |
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the
process of changing the characteristics of a rock in response
to changes in temperature, pressure, or volatile content. |
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oceanic
plate:
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lithospheric
plate made primarily of dense maphic material |
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the
process of mountain building due to tectonic activity at
or aligned with convergent plate margins. |
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the
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. It is commonly
used as a measure of acidity. It has a range from 1 to 14. The
lower the number the more acidic the solution. |
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a
breach or split between two bodies due to rising hot spot activity
within the mantle. Continuous activity thins the lithospheric
plate, causes normal and reverse dip-slip faulting and eventually
separates the plate. |
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rock
formed by the deposition and compression of mineral and rock particles,
but often including material of organic origin. |
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a
fault in which the major displacement is horizontal and parallel
to the strike of a vertical or subvertical fault plane. Movement
along such a fault may be dextral or sinistral. |
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a
narrow, elongate region in which one lithospheric plate is forced
under another by tectonic activity. |
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a
continental mass that includes several of the cratons of the
present-day continents. The last supercontinent (Pangea) broke
apart approximately 250 Ma.
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fine
waste material from a mineral-processing plant, that is too poor
for further treatment. |
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deformation
within the Earth’s crust, and its consequent structural effects
due to active plate movement. |
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a
long, narrow, steep-walled, often arcuate depression in the ocean
floor, much deeper than the adjacent ocean and associated with
a subduction zone |
